A Guide:

STAGES OF CONFLICT AND PEACE WITH CORRESPONDING POLICY TOOLS
SITUATION 4:  WAR

Stage of Conflict

 Violent conflict

Environment for Interventions

 · Active, ongoing, sustained warfare among organized groups and government forces.

· Breakdown of civic society.

· Disintegration of central government.

· Rule of law abolished or threatened by military or emergency rule.

· Population displacements, refugee flows.

· Humanitarian crises.

· Devastated infrastructure (communications, transport).

· Deteriorating health situation; decreasing life expectancy.

· Shortage of basic goods.

· Distorted war economies.

· Growing dependence on food imports and other humanitarian supplies.

Timeframe

for Action

 Immediate

Primary Objectives

 · Stop violent or coercive behavior.

· Separate powers.

· Arrange and enforce ceasefires.

· Meet basic material needs.

Illustrative Policy Tools:  War

Official diplomacy

 · Diplomatic sanctions

· Mediation

· Negotiations

· Peace negotiations

 · Peace conferences

· Special envoys

· Conflict prevention/management centers

Non-official

conflict management

 · Peace commissions · Support for local conflict management/resolution centers

Military measures

 · Military assistance

· Threat/projection/use of force

· Limited military intervention

 · Peace enforcement

· Arms embargoes

· Arms blockades

Economic and social development

 · Humanitarian aid

· Economic reforms

· Sanctions

 · Conditionality

· Resettlement/provide shelter/resources for displaced persons/refugees

Political development

and governance

 · Political institution-building · Training of public officials