Stage of Conflict

Environment for Interventions

· Value or goal differences exist, addressed mainly through established, non-violent channels.

· Chances of violence low to remote.

Timeframe

for Action

Primary Objectives

· Maintain and strengthen stable relations and institutions.

· Create, strengthen or reform domestic political, social and economic institutions, procedures and other decision processes that define the public problem agenda, goals and policies, allocate authority, implement public decisions, and settle grievances.

· Reduce socio-economic sources of conflict.

· Improve national and regional welfare.

· Strengthen international and regional organizational capacities.

Illustrative Policy Tools:  Reconciliation

Non-official conflict management

· "Friends" groups

Military measures

· Arms control agreements

· Military reform/professionalization

· Military force restructuring/integration

· Military-to-military programs

· Non-aggression agreements

· Demilitarized zones, peace zones, nuclear-free zones

· Alternative defense strategies

Economic and social development

· Economic reforms

· Private economic investment and loans

· Regional and international economic and resource cooperation

· Regional trade agreements

· Joint projects

· Conflict resolution education/training

· Employment training

· Infrastructural development projects

· Agricultural productivity promotion projects

· Health assistance

Political development and governance

· Civic society development

· Civic education

· Training public officials

· Constitutional commissions/reforms

Judicial and legal measures

· Judicial/legal reform

Communications and education

· Conflict resolution/peace training

· Formal education programs

· Journalist training

· International broadcasts