A Guide:
	Bibliography

The following publications were used as references in developing the Guide:

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67. Duffield, Mark. "Absolute Distress: The Structural Causes of Hunger in Sudan." Middle East Report, October 1991.

68a ________. "Complex Emergencies and the Crisis of Developmentalism." IDS Bulletin: Linking Relief and Development, Vol. 25, No. 3, October 1994.

69a ________. Protracted Political Crisis and the Demise of Developmentalism: From Convergence to Coexistence. Discussion paper prepared for Aid Under Fire: Redefining Relief and Development Assistance in Unstable Situations. London, UK, April 27, 1995.

70a ________ and John Prendergast. Without Troops and Tanks: Humanitarian Intervention in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1994.

71a Dujisin, Mario. "Africa: Portugal’s Ex-Colonies Complete Cycle of Formal Democracy." Inter Press Service. November 4, 1994.

72a Dyer, Gwynne. "The Worst Place in the World." Washington Times, Commentary Section, April 1, 1992.

73a Economist Intelligence Unit, July 1995; September 26, 1995.

74a Esman, M.J. "Political and Psychological Factors in Ethnic Conflict." J.V. Montville (ed.), Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990.

75a Esty, Daniel C. et. al. State Failure Task Force, Final Report. Vol. 1, Science Applications International Corporation, Inc. November 30, 1995.

76a Evans, Gareth. Cooperating for Peace: The Global Agenda for the 1990s and Beyond. St. Leonards: Allen & Unwin, 1993.

77a Farah, Ahmed Yusuf and I.M. Lewis, Peacemaking Endeavours of Contemporary Lineage Leaders: A Survey of Grassroots Peace Conferences in "Somaliland", London, UK: ActionAid, December 1993.

78a Fein, Helen. "Tools and Alarms: Uses of Models for Explanation and Anticipation." The Journal of Ethno Development — Special Edition Vol. 4, No. 1, July 1994.

79a Findlay, Trevor. "Multilateral Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution." SIPRI Yearbook. 1994.

80a Fisher, Cathleen S. The Pre-Conditions of Confidence Building: Lessons from the European Experience. Draft paper, no date.

81a Fisher, Ronald J. The Social Psychology of Intergroup and International Conflict Resolution. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

82a Flight International, July 5, 1995.

83a Gagnon, V.P. "Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia." International Security 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994/95).

84a Gastrow, Peter. Bargaining for Peace: South Africa and the National Peace Accord. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1995.

85a Gbotokuma, Zeke. "Cultural Identity and Under-Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Voices from Africa, No. 4, June 1992.

86a General Accounting Office. Department of Defense: Changed Needed to the Humanitarian Assistance Program. GAO/USAID-84-57, November 2, 1993.

87a ________. Promoting Democracy: Foreign Affairs and Defense Agencies Funds and Activities–1991 to 1993. US General Accounting Office, January 1994.

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90a Goldschmit, Walter. "The Failure of Pastoral Economic Programs in Africa." John Gelaty (ed.), The Future of Pastoral Peoples. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 1981.

91a ________ and Eugene Hillman. "The Pauperization of the Masai in Kenya." Africa Today, 4th quarter, 1994.

92a Graham, Carol. Safety Nets, Politics and the Poor. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 1994.

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94a Green, Reginald. The East African, January 9-15, 1995.

95a The Guardian. February 25, 1994.

96a Gurr, Ted Robert. Minorities at Risk. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1993.

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98a Harff, Barbara. "A Theoretical Model of Genocides and Politicides." The Journal of Ethno-Development, Vol. 4, No. 1, July 1994.

99a Harff, Barbara. "A Theoretical Model of Genocides and Politicides." The Journal of Ethno Development — Special Edition Vol. 4, No. 1, July 1994.

100a ________. "USAID and Ethnic Conflict: An Epiphany?" Paper presented at a conference on Development and Ethnic Conflict, Cornell University, Ethnicity and International Conflict Program, October 5-7, 1995.

101a Hess, Stephen. International News and Foreign Correspondents. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1996.

102a Holmquist, Frank and Michael Ford. "Kenya: State and Civil Society the First Year After the Election." Africa Today, 4th quarter, 1994.

103a Homer-Dixon, Thomas. "Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict." Richard K. Betts (ed.), Conflict After the Cold War: Arguments on Causes of War and Peace. New York, NY: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1994.

104a ________. "Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases." International Security No. 19, Summer 1994.

105a ________. "On the Threshold: Environmental Changes and Causes of Acute Conflict." International Security, No. 16, 1991.

106a Horowitz, Donald L. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985.

107a Huber, Konrad. "The CSCE’s New Role in the East: Conflict Prevention," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Report, Vol. 3, No. 31, August, 1994.

108a Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch World Report 1995, Africa Section, December 1994.

109a Human Rights Watch/Africa. Kenya: Old Habits Die Hard. July 1995.

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111a Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.

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113a International Negotiation Network. State of World Conflict Report. Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center, 1995.

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115a Jones, Bruce. "Civil War and Genocide in Rwanda." Presentation at the University of Toronto conference on civil wars in Africa, May 1995.

116a Jongman, Albert J. "The PIOOM Program on Monitoring and Early Warning of Humanitarian Crises." The Journal of Ethno-Development, Vol. 4, No. 1, July 1994.

117a Kacowicz, Arie. "Explaining Zones of Peace: Democracies as Satisfied Powers?" Journal of Peace Research Vol 32, No. 3, 1995.

118a Kagan, Donald. On the Origins of War. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1995.

119a Kanninen, Tapio. The Future of Early Warning and Preventive Action in the United Nations. Occasional Paper Series Number V. The Ralph Bunche Institute on the United Nations. New York, NY: United Nations, 1992.

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121a Kaufman, Craig. The Nueva Guinea Zonal Peace Commission: Lessons for Implementing Preventive Diplomacy. Unpublished manuscript, 1995.

122a Keen, D. The Benefits of Famine. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.

123a ________. The Economics of War: Some Thoughts on the War Literature and the Potential Role of Economic Analysis. Draft: not for circulation or quotation without permission of the author. 1995.

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128a Khadiagala, Gilbert. "A Tale of Two Policies: US Relations Toward Kenya and Uganda." Paper presented at a Council of Foreign Relations conference on "New Perspectives on US Policy Toward Africa," June 16, 1995.

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159a Minority Rights Group. "Burundi: Breaking the Cycle of Violence." Profile, March 1995.

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163a Munuera, Gabriel. Preventing Armed Conflict in Europe: Lessons from Recent Experience. Chaillot Paper 15/16. Institute for Security Studies, Western European Union, 1994.

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165a Nye, Joseph S., Jr. "Conflict After the Cold War." Washington Quarterly. Vol. 19, No. 1.

166a ________. "Peering into the Future." Foreign Affairs 73, July/August 1994.

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175a Prendergast, John. Crisis and Hope in Africa. Brussels, Belgium: CIDSE-Europe, forthcoming 1996.

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178a ________. Humanitarian Aid and Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa. Forthcoming, 1996.

179a ________. Sudanese Rebels at a Crossroads. Washington, DC: Center of Concern, 1994.

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181a Princen, Thomas. Intermediaries in International Conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992.

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187a Rieff, David. "The Humanitarian Trap." World Policy Journal. Vol. 12, No. 4, Winter 1995/6.

188a Rogers, Katrina S. "Rivers of Discontent — Rivers of Peace: Environmental Cooperation and Integration Theory." International Studies Notes, Vol. 20, No. 2, Spring 1995.

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193a Rupesinghe, Kumar. Internal Conflict and Governance. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.

194a ________ and Michiko Kuroda. Early Warning and Conflict Resolution. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.

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